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Available courses

Introduction to Biology

Biology Course Summary

1. Introduction to Biology

  • Definition of biology: the study of life and living organisms.

  • Characteristics of life: organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and evolution.

  • Scientific method: observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion.

2. Cell Biology

  • Cell theory: All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

  • Cell types:

    • Prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea)

    • Eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

  • Cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc.

  • Cell membrane: structure and function, selective permeability.

  • Transport: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis.

3. Genetics

  • DNA & RNA: structure, replication, transcription, translation.

  • Mendelian genetics: dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, genotypes and phenotypes.

  • Mutations: causes and effects.

  • Genetic technologies: CRISPR, cloning, genetic engineering.

4. Evolution

  • Natural selection (Darwin): variation, overproduction, competition, survival of the fittest.

  • Speciation and evolutionary trees.

  • Evidence for evolution: fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology.

5. Ecology

  • Ecosystems: biotic and abiotic components.

  • Food chains/webs, energy flow, trophic levels.

  • Biogeochemical cycles: water, carbon, nitrogen.

  • Population ecology: growth curves, limiting factors, carrying capacity.

  • Human impact: pollution, deforestation, climate change.

6. Physiology

  • Human body systems:

    • Circulatory

    • Respiratory

    • Digestive

    • Nervous

    • Muscular/Skeletal

    • Immune

    • Reproductive

  • Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms.

7. Plant Biology

  • Photosynthesis: light and dark reactions.

  • Plant structure: roots, stems, leaves, xylem, phloem.

  • Plant reproduction: seeds, flowers, pollination.

8. Biotechnology & Modern Topics

  • Genetic modification (GMOs)

  • Cloning and stem cells

  • Bioethics